Okoseszközök – Okos jog? A mesterséges intelligencia szabályozási kérdései
Szerzők
Absztrakt
A mesterséges intelligencia korunk nagy vívmánya, olyan technológia, amely átformálja a mindennapjainkat. Egy ilyen felforgató technológia a jogalkotót is nehéz feladat elé állítja: szükséges-e beavatkoznia az esetleges káros hatások elkerülése érdekében, igényel-e új szabályozást a műszaki fejlődés új lépcsője?
A szerző azt a nehéz feladatot vállalta fel, hogy a mesterséges intelligencia, illetve az ezen alapuló automatizált döntéshozatal és a gépi tanulás technológiai jellegzetességeire alapozva járja körül a lehetséges problémákat és a szabályozás szóba jöhető útjait. Ebben a kérdésben ugyanis nem lehet a műszaki megoldások jellegzetességei, működési elvük és korlátaik ismerete nélkül megalapozott véleményt alkotni.
Ajánljuk ezt a könyvet a jelen és a jövő jogalkotói, szabályozó hatóságai és a technológia iránt érdeklődő minden jogász szakember számára.
Információk a szerzőről
Egyetemi tanársegéd
Hivatkozások
Felhasznált irodalom
évi CXXV. törvény 9. § az egyenlő bánásmódról és az esélyegyenlőség előmozdításáról.
, Perri (2001): Ethics, Regulation and the New Artificial Intelligence, Part I: Accountability and Power. Information, Communication & Society, Vol. 4, No. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713768525
ACQUISTI, Alessandro – VARIAN, Hal R. (2005): Conditioning Prices on Purchase History. Marketing Science, Vol. 24, No. 3. 367–381. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1040.0103
ALPAYDIN, Ethem (2010): Introduction to Machine Learning. (second edition). Cambridge, The MIT Press.
Article 29 Working Party (2010). Opinion 2/2010 on Online Behavioural Advertising (WP 171).
Article 29 Working Party Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-making and Profiling for the Purposes of Regulation 2016/679. WP 251.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party Opinion 4/2007 on the concept of personal data. 01248/07/EN WP 136.
Article 29 Working Party (2014). Opinion 06/2014 on the notion of legitimate interests of the data controller under Article 7 of Directive 95/46/EC, 9.
ASHRAFIAN, Hutan (2015): AIonAI: A Humanitarian Law of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 21, 29–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9513-9
ASIMOV, Isaac (1991): Én, a robot. Budapest, Móra.
BALKIN, Jack M. (2018): Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation. UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 51, No. 3. 1149–1210.
BALKIN, Jack M. (2017): The Three Laws of Robotics in the Age of Big Data. Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 78, 1–45.
BALKIN, Jack M. (2015): The Path of Robotics Law. California Law Review Circuit, Vol. 6, 45–60.
BAYERN, Shawn – BURRI, Thomas – D. GRANT, Thomas – HÄUSERMANN, Daniel M. – MÖSLEIN, Florian – WILLIAMS, Richard (2017): Company Law and Autonomous Systems: A Blueprint for Lawyers, Entrepreneurs, and Regulators. Hastings Science and Technology Law Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2. 135–162. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2850514
Big Data and Differential Pricing. Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2015. Elérhető: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov (A letöltés ideje: 2017. 12. 02.)
CALO, Ryan (2017): Artificial Intelligence Policy: A Primer and Roadmap. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3015350
CALO, Ryan (2015): Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw. California Law Review, Vol. 103, No. 3. 513–563. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2402972
CASEY, Bryan (2017): Amoral Machines, or: How Roboticists Can Learn to Stop Worrying and Love the Law. Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 111, No. 5. 1347–1366.
CATH, Corinne – WACHTER, Sandra – MITTELSTADT, Brent – TADDEO, Mariarosaria – FLORIDI, Luciano (2017): Artificial Intelligence and the ‘Good Society’: the US, EU, and UK Approach. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2906249
CERKA, Paulius – GRIGIENE, Jurgita – SIRBIKYTE, Gintare (2015): Liability for damages caused by artificial intelligence. Computer Law & Security Review, Vol. 31, No. 3. 10.1016/j.clsr.2015.03.008
FAYYAD, Usama – PIATETSKY-SHAPIRO, Gregory – SMYTH, Padhraic (1996): From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AI Magazine, Vol. 17, No. 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v17i3.1230
FENWICK, Mark – KAAL, Wulf A. – VERMEULEN, Erik P. M. (2017): Regulation Tomorrow: What Happens When Technology is Faster than the Law? American University Business Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2834531
FERENCZ Jácint (2018): Jogalkotás a munkaviszonyok szolgálatában. Budapest, Dialóg Campus.
GÉRON, Aurélien (2017): Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn & TensorFlow. Sebastopol, O’Reilly.
GOODFELLOW, Ian – BENGIO, Yoshua – COURVILLE, Aaron (2016): Deep Learning. Cambridge, The MIT Press.
GOODMAN, Bryce – FLAXMAN, Seth (2017): European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a ”Right to Explanation”. AI Magazine, Vol. 38, No. 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741
GUIHOT, Michael – MATTHEW, Anne F. – SUZOR, Nicolas P. (2017): Nudging Robots: Innovative Solutions to Regulate Artificial Intelligence. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, Vol. 20, No. 2. 385–456.
HALLEVY, Gabriel (2010): The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities – from Science Fiction to Legal Social Control. Akron Intellectual Property Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2.
HALLEVY, Gabriel (2013): When Robots Kill: Artificial Intelligence Under Criminal Law. Boston, Northeastern University Press.
JARVIS THOMSON, Judith (1976): Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem. The Monist, Vol. 59, No. 2. 204–217.
KAMAR, Ehud (2006): Beyond Competition for Incorporations. Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 94. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.720121
KEATS CITRON, Danielle – PASQUALE, Frank (2014): The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions. Washington Law Review, Vol. 89, 2–33.
KELLEHER, John D. – MAC NAMEE, Brian – D’ARCY, Aoife (1974): Machine Learning for Predictive Data Analytics. Cambridge, The MIT Press.
KESERŰ Barna Arnold (2020): A 21. századi technológiai változások hatása a jogalkotásra. Képes-e lépést tartani a jog a változó világgal? Fejezetek a modern technológia köréből jogi megközelítésben. Budapest, Dialóg Campus.
KLEIN Tamás – TÓTH András (2018): A robotika egyes szabályozási kérdései. In HOMICSKÓ Árpád Olivér szerk.: Egyes modern technológiák etikai, jogi és szabályozási kihívásai. Budapest, Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar.
LIGHTHILL, James (1973): Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey. In Artificial Intelligence: a Paper Symposium. London, Science Research Council.
LOPPUCKI, Lynn M. (2018): Algorithmic Entities. Washington University Law Review, Vol. 95, No. 4. 887–953.
MCCARTHY, John (1959): Programs with Common Sense. Stanford, Computer Science Department, Stanford University. 1–15.
MCCORDUCK, Pamela (2004): Machines Who Think (second edition). Natick, A. K. Peters.
MIHAYLOVA, Ekaterina (2016): The training corpus problem. Elérhető: medium.com (A letöltés ideje: 2018. 09. 10.)
MILLER, Akiva (2014): What Do We Worry About When We Worry About Price Discrimination? The Law and Ethics of Using Personal Information for Pricing.
Journal of Technology Law & Policy, Vol. 19.
MOHRI, Mehryar – ROSTAMIZADEH, Afshin – TALWALKAR, Ameet (2012): Foundations of Machine Learning. Cambridge, The MIT Press.
NAISBITT, John (1982): Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives. London, Warner Books.
On the web, price tags blur. The Washington Post. 2000. Elérhető: www.washingtonpost.com (A letöltés ideje: 2017. 12. 10.)
ORENSTEIN, Gary (2017): AI’s Secret Weapon: The Data Corpus. Elérhető: blog.memsql.com (A letöltés ideje: 2018. 09. 10.)
ORSEAU, Laurent – ARMSTRONG, Stuart (2016): Safely Interruptible Agents. Proc. of Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 2016, New York City. Machine Intelligence Research Institute. Elérhető: https://intelligence.org (A letöltés ideje: 2017. 12. 10.)
P8_TA(2017)0051 Az Európai Parlament 2017. február 16-i állásfoglalása a Bizottságnak szóló ajánlásokkal a robotikára vonatkozó polgári jogi szabályokról [2015/2103(INL)].
PETIT, Nicolas (2017): Law And Regulation of Artificial Intelligence and Robots – Conceptual Framework and Normative Implications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2931339
RAMIREZ, Edith (2013): Privacy Challenges in the Era of Big Data: A View from the Lifeguard’s Chair. A Szövetségi Kereskedelmi Bizottság (Federal Trade Commission) elnökének 2013. augusztus 19-én tartott előadása a Technology Policy Institute Aspen Fórumán.
RICHARDS, Timothy J. – LIAUKONYTE, Jura – STRELETSKAYA, Nadia A. (2016): Personalized Pricing and Price Fairness. International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 44, 138–153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2015.11.004
RUSSELL, Stuart J. – NORVIG, Peter (2016): Artificial Intelligence – a Modern Approach. (third edition). Harlow, Pearson Education Limited.
SCHERER, Matthew U. (2016): Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, Vol. 29, No. 2. 354–398. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2609777
SHILLER, Benjamin Reed (2013): First Degree Price Discrimination Using Big Data. Working Papers, No. 58. 1–33.
SKITKA, Linda J. – MOSIER, Kathleen L. – BURDICK, Mark (1999): Does automation bias decision-making? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 51, No. 5. 991–1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1999.0271
SOLUM, Lawrence B. (1992): Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences. North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 4. 1231–1287.
STIGLITZ, Joseph E. – SALOP, Steven C. (1982): The Theory of Sales: A Simple Model of Equilibrium Price Dispersion with Identical Agents. The American Economic Review, Vol. 72, No. 5. 1121–1130.
STOLE, Lars (2007): Price Discrimination and Competition. In ARMSTRONG, Mark – PORTER, Robert eds.: Handbook of Industrial Organization. Vol. 3, 2221–2299. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
STUCKE, Maurice E. – EZRACHI, Ariel (2016): Is Your Digital Assistant Devious? Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2828117
THIERER, Adam D. – CASTILLO O’SULLIVAN, Andrea – RUSSELL, Raymond (2017): Artificial Intelligence and Public Policy. Arlington, Mercatus Center at George Mason University. Magyar fordításban elérhető (korábbi kiadás alapján): ÉDELKRAUT Róbert et al. (2005): Mesterséges intelligencia modern megközelítésben. Budapest, Panem.
TURING, Alan M. (1950): Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind, Vol. 59, No. 236. 433–460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
TUROW Joseph – KING, Jennifer – HOOFNAGLE, Chris Jay – BLEAKLEY, Amy – HENNESSY, Michael (2009): Americans Reject Tailored Advertising and Three Activities that Enable It. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1478214
VARIAN, Hal R. (1989): Price Discrimination. In SCHMALENSEE, Richard – WILLIG, Robert D. eds.: Handbook of Industrial Organization. Vol. 1. 597–654. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
VLADECK, David C. (2014): Machines Without Principals: Liability Rules and Artificial Intelligence. Washington Law Review, Vol. 89, No. 1. 117–150.
WALLACH, Wendell – ALLEN, Colin (2009): Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right From Wrong. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
WENG, Yueh-Hsuan (2010): Beyond Robot Ethics: On a Legislative Consortium for Social Robotics. Advanced Robotics, Vol. 24, No. 13. 1919–1926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/016918610X527220
WENG, Yueh-Hsuan – CHEN, Chien-Hsun – SUN, Chuen-Tsai (2009): Toward the Human-Robot Co-Existence Society: On Safety Intelligence for Next Generation Robots. International Journal of Social Robotics, Vol. 1, No. 4. 267–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-009-0019-1
WENG, Yueh-Hsuan – SUGAHARA, Yusuke – HASHIMOTO, Kenji – TAKANISHI, Atsuo (2015): Intersection of ‟Tokku” Special Zone, Robots, and the Law: A Case Study on Legal Impacts to Humanoid Robots. International Journal of Social Robotics, Vol. 7, No. 5. 841–857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-015-0287-x
ZARSKY, Tal Z. (2004): Desperately Seeking Solutions: Using Implementation-Based Solutions for the Troubles of Information Privacy in the Age of Data Mining and the Internet Society. Maine Law Review, Vol. 56, No. 1. 14–59.
ZIMMERMAN, Evan Joseph (2015): Machine Minds: Frontiers in Legal Personhood. 10.2139/ssrn.2563965
ZŐDI Zsolt (2018): Platformok, robotok és a jog. Új szabályozási kihívások az információs társadalomban. Budapest, Gondolat.
ZŐDI Zsolt (2017): Privacy és a Big Data. Fundamentum, 1–2. sz. 18–30.
ZUIDERVEEN BORGESIUS, Frederik – POORT, Joost (2017): Online Price Discrimination and EU Data Privacy Law. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3009188
Internetes források
www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/07/01/google-apologizes-after-photos-identify-black-people-as-gorillas/29567465/
www.princeton.edu/news/2017/04/18/biased-bots-artificial-intelligence-systems-echo-human-prejudices
www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-amazon-same-day/
www.businessinsider.com/trumps-extreme-vetting-initiative-digital-muslim-ban-2017-11
www.domo.com/learn/data-never-sleeps-5
www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=WRL12345USEN
https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/26/saudi-arabia-robot-citizen-sophia/
https://computerworld.hu/uzlet/diszruptiv-technologiak-az-ot-fo-felforgato-231071.html
www.fca.org.uk/publication/research-and-data/regulatory-sandbox-lessons-learned-report.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_traffic_laws
www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/dec/09/robot-kills-factory-worker
www.theregister.co.uk/2017/06/20/tesla_death_crash_accident_report_ntsb/
www.wired.com/story/tesla-autopilot-why-crash-radar/
www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-24/uber-self-driving-system-saw-pedestrian-killed-but-didn-t-stop
http://nymag.com/selectall/2018/01/waze-app-directs-driver-to-drive-car-into-lake-champlain.html
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/woman-following-sat-nav-canada-drives-straight-into-lake-huron-ontario-a7029131.html
www.internetlivestats.com/one-second/#google-band
www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19214294
www.rac.co.uk/drive/advice/learning-to-drive/stopping-distances/
www.cbsnews.com/news/google-struggles-with-its-do-first-ask-forgiveness-later-strategy/
www.wsj.com/articles/how-europes-new-privacy-rules-favor-google-and-facebook-1524536324
www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/14/amazon-alexa-ad-avoids-ban-after-viewer-complaint-ordered-cat-food
www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/south-park-premiere-messes-viewers-amazon-alexa-google-home-1039035
https://qz.com/880541/amazons-amzn-alexa-accidentally-ordered-a-ton-of-dollhouses-across-san-diego/
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/08/amazon-echo-rogue-payment-warning-tv-show-causes-alexa-order/
www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/facebook-artificial-intelligence-ai-chatbot-new-language-research-openai-google-a7869706.html
www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/robots-create-new-language-to-work-together-a7636041.html
www.bbc.com/news/technology-36472140
www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-smartphone-killswitch/smartphone-theft-drops-in-london-two-u-s-cities-as-anti-theft-kill-switches-installed-idUSKBN0LF09520150211
https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/26/technology/kill-switch-ai-ethics/index.html
www.medicaldevice-developments.com/features/featurethe-future-of-smart-electronic-implants-4787632/
Letöltések
Megjelenés
Kategóriák
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
.svg)
